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Student loans - the truth about uni fees, loans and grants

Student loans

The truth about uni fees, loans & grants

Martin Lewis
Martin Lewis and Clare Casalis
Updated 2 March 2023

Ignore newspaper headlines about students leaving university with £50,000 of debt. That's mostly a meaningless figure. What counts is how much you'll repay. For some that's far more, for others it's free. This guide is written to bust common myths about student loans, grants and finance, including the 20+ key facts every potential student, parent and grandparent should know. 

This guide was originally written by Martin Lewis but is now regularly updated by the MSE team.

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In this guide

Is this the right guide for you? This guide explains how the student loans system works for English or Welsh students who started uni between 2012 and 2022, as well as Welsh students due to start in 2023. If you're an English student starting uni from September 2023 onwards, you're on a new system – see our 'Plan 5' student loans guide for more help.

Prefer to watch rather than read? See Martin's video below

Note: This talk was recorded in 2019, and uses the thresholds and interest rates applicable at that time. However, the theory behind repaying your student loan remains the same.

Some of the figures mentioned in this video have changed since the video was made. The following figures are the rates and thresholds for 2022:

  • The maximum maintenance loan is now £12,667
  • Graduates repay 9% of everything they earn over £27,295
  • The rate of inflation is currently 10%
  • Due to high inflation, the rate of interest was capped at 6.9% in March 2023.

Martin Lewis : Student loans decoded
Embedded YouTube Video

Before we start, I'd just like to say:

For around a quarter of a century, we've educated our youth into debt when they go to university, but never about debt.

It was for this reason, and while no fan of them, when massive changes were announced to student finance for those starting in 2012 or beyond – including the trebling of tuition fees – I agreed to head up a student finance taskforce. The idea was to work with the National Union of Students, universities and colleges to ensure we busted the myths and misunderstandings that resulted from so much political spittle-flying.

For me, what really counts is that no student is wrongly put off going to university thinking they can't afford it. Some may rightly be put off, but unless you understand the true cost, how can you decide? I hope this guide helps achieve that.

Thankfully, since then we've also won a separate campaign to get financial education on the senior school National Curriculum in England. Yet it'll be a long time before that truly pays dividends – so there's still a lot of nonsense spoken about student loans.

  1. Don't confuse the cost and the price tag

    With headlines shouting about £50,000 student debt and that getting bigger as loans for living costs increased in 2017, it's safe to say many students and parents are scared by this huge sum – and worry about how they'll ever repay it.

    But in essence that fear is misplaced. That's because the price tag of university is mostly irrelevant. What matters in practical terms is how much you have to repay – and that's a completely separate number from the total amount of tuition fees, maintenance loan and interest.

    What you repay solely depends on what you earn after university. In effect, this is (financially at least) a 'no win, no fee' education. Those who earn a lot after graduating or leaving university will repay a lot. Those who don't gain too much financially from going to university will repay little or nothing.

    A much more important factor to consider is the hidden expectation of parents contributing financially to their children's living costs while at university.

    Many parents aren't aware that they are expected to pick up the slack, which can seriously impact their finances, especially if they've more than one child at university. For that reason, parents should start saving early to ensure they can manage the extra costs.

    This guide applies to the system in England & Wales from 2012 

    If you started before that you're on a different system. Please see the Should I repay my student loan? guide for full info on past loan systems.

    Alternatively, you can watch Martin's video on whether to pay off your Plan 1 student loan.

  2. You don't need the cash to pay for university

    It ISN'T a case of 'pay up or you can't go'. Once your application has been processed, tuition fees are automatically paid by the Student Loans Company. And there is a loan for living costs too.

    Full-time students only need to start repaying these loans at the earliest in the April AFTER they graduate (or leave), no matter how long their course is.

    Of course you don't have to take the loans, you could pay the tuition fees directly. Yet as I'll explain, that's often a bad idea.

    The support available also differs for some types of students...

    • If you already have a higher education qualification

      If you already have a higher education qualification, you're unlikely to be able to borrow the money. Included within undergraduate courses are Higher National Diploma/Certificate courses and certain teacher training courses such as the PGCE.

    • If you're wanting to study healthcare or medicine

      From academic year 2017/18, student nurses no longer receive grants and have to apply for student loans. The Government claims this offers them more to live on than through the grants system.

      The amount nursing students get depends on whether they live inside or outside London and whether they are living at home. Nurses who have already started their studies will continue to get grants.

      When nurses leave their studies and start to repay their loans, it will be under the normal loan repayment system described in this guide, meaning they will repay 9% of everything they earn above £27,295/year (2022/23). The starting salary for a nurse is £25,655/year, so in the first year they won't pay anything towards their student loan.

    • If you're a Muslim student

      Muslim students in England are set to be able to get alternative student finance acceptable under sharia, although there is no news on when this will be made available. We'll update the guide as soon as we know more.

  3. You repay 9% of everything earned above £27,295 – earn less and you don't repay

    Once you leave university, as long as you haven't taken out a postgraduate loan to complete a master's, you only repay your undergraduate student loan when you're earning above £2,274 a month (equivalent to £27,295/year) and then it's fixed at 9% of everything you earn above that. (NB: For Scottish students, the threshold where repayments start is £25,000/year in 2022/23.)

    Remember, if you take out a postgraduate loan after your undergraduate degree, you pay this back at 6%, as well as repaying your original student loan. 

    Earnings mean any money from employment or self-employment and, in some cases, earnings from investment and savings.

    If you've started repaying the loan, but then lose your job or take a pay cut, your repayments drop accordingly. To labour the point somewhat:

    • If you earn £28,000 in a year, what do you repay?

      The answer is £63.45, as £28,000 is £705 above the threshold and 9% of £705 is £63.45.
       

    • And if you earn £35,000, what do you repay?

      The answer is £693.45. £35,000 is £7,705 above the threshold and 9% of that is £693.45.
       

    • 'How on earth will my child be able to afford to repay these debts if they get a poorly paying job?'

      This panicked question has been thrown at me by many parents – and it's really important to examine it in the light of the required repayments.

      Someone on a low wage will be required to repay little or nothing at all. In fact, only higher earners will be shelling out large amounts.

      It's important to note that not repaying much because you're just over the threshold isn't being bad. The system is, in reality, a graduate contribution, designed so that, in the main, those who gain the most financially out of university contribute the most.

    Student loans

    Further info on repaying

    • Technically you repay 9% above £2,274 a month – important if you get bonuses

      You only have to pay back your student loan if you earn over the earnings threshold in a tax year. Yet most payrolls work on a monthly basis. So the £27,295/year threshold is seen as £568 per week or £2,274 a month.

      If you earned over that in a month, such as for a bonus, you could've had the money taken off you. Or if you stopped work halfway through the year, money could've been taken off you, even though in total you earned under £27,295 in the year.

      If that's happened to you, you may be due money back.

      Yet if you earned over £27,295 in a year, but due to irregular income too much was taken from you (eg, you earned £28,000, but had more than £63.45 taken) you can't claim this back, as once you earn over £27,295, your repayments are paid at everything you earn on £2,274/month.

    • What counts as additional income for student loan repayment purposes?

      If you have additional income of over £2,000 from savings interest, pensions or shares and dividends, this will also be treated as part of your income for repayment purposes. You'll need to repay 9% of that too via self-assessment.

    • How are student loans treated for tax purposes?

      While the amount you pay is calculated based on your pre-tax income above £27,295/year, the money is taken after you've paid tax. For example...

      If you earn £34,000 a year gross (pre-tax) salary, you will repay £603.45 a year (9% of the £6,705 above £27,295).

      Yet you still pay tax on the entire £34,000 income. You don't get any tax breaks on the fact you're repaying the student loan.

    • Do I still have to repay my student loan if I move overseas?

      The answer is yes. The student loan has been set up as a contract, not a tax. Therefore, the fact that you're no longer living in the UK doesn't affect that contract.

      The rules state you're still obliged to repay 9% of all earnings above the local equivalent £27,295/year (2022/23). Not doing so could lead to substantial penalties. And this local equivalent isn't just a currency translation, it factors in the cost of living in your country, so it can be radically different.

      If we ignore the moral obligation to repay the state for the education it provided you, the real question here isn't "Do I have to?" but "How can they make me?"

      This is an issue of enforcement. Certainly if you temporarily leave the UK and come back having missed some payments, expect to be pursued. If you move abroad permanently, never to return, there may be no attempt to pursue you in a foreign court. But there are no guarantees of that.

      What's more, the Government has said it will chase people who move abroad more thoroughly than it has in the past – through 'sanctions' and prosecution. We'll update this guide when more on this becomes available.

      Some further information on this for current graduates (likely to be similar for future graduates) is available on the Student Loans Company website, though it's a bit sketchy in parts.

    • How do student loan repayments affect my pension contributions?

      Whether student loan repayments are taken from your salary before or after you make a pension contribution depends on how you contribute, and what sort of scheme you're in.
       

      • Defined benefit schemes. With these employer-based pensions, your student loan repayments will depend on how the scheme's administered.

        You pay student loan repayments on the same income that your employer pays national insurance contributions on. So, if your pension contributions reduce this figure, then that's the one assessed for student loan repayments.

        However, some defined benefit schemes take the pension payment pre-tax, but after national insurance. In which case, you'll have slightly higher student loan contributions.
         

      • Defined contribution schemes (this is what most people now have). If you pay into a personal pension, whether monthly via your company payroll or directly as a lump sum, student loan contributions are worked out using your gross pay (unless you pay into your pension by salary sacrifice).

        You can do a self-assessment tax return to have the pension contributions taken into account. But decide if it's worth the hassle of doing a self-assessment return if you don't already. For each £1,000 you pay into your pension (£800 net) each year, you could pay around £90 extra in student loan repayments.

  4. After 30 years, any and all remaining debt is wiped

    You stop owing either when you've cleared the debt, or when 30 years (from the April after graduation) have passed, whichever comes first. If you never get a job earning over the threshold, it means you won't have repaid a penny.

    It's one reason those who are near retirement, who don't have a degree and want one, find it very appealing as unless they've a huge pension, they know they'll never have to repay.

    • What happens on death or incapacity

      The debt is also wiped if you die, so it won't be passed onto your beneficiaries as part of your estate. It's also wiped if you're permanently disabled in such a way that you'll be permanently unfit to work (in such a case, earnings will usually be under the threshold anyway, but this rule's there for rare cases where unearned income is above the threshold to allow the recipient to keep it all).

  5. Many people earning over £27,295 will never pay it all back within the 30 years

    By running the numbers on some typical situations using our Student Loan Calculator, only high earners look likely to repay all that they borrowed and the accumulated interest.

    Many people earning over the £27,295/year threshold (2022/23) will never pay back their student debt within the 30 years. And lower earners won't repay very much at all. 

    So for many people what they borrow is irrelevant – they'll just keep paying monthly until the debt is scrubbed after 30 years. This is one reason why talk of £50,000 debts is nonsense for most.

    The following table should help you see roughly who's likely to pay their loans off, and what the total cost will be. As inflation and students' future income are both unpredictable, we've had to make some assumptions. So the table should be seen as an indication of scale rather than anything more exact.

    Before you look at the table

    Please be aware it's designed to give a VERY rough indication of who's likely to pay the loan off. We've been forced to make many assumptions about inflation, earnings growth and graduates' earning growth, small changes which have a big impact.

    The calculations also don’t factor in the recent announcement that the repayment threshold is to be frozen for two years, or that when the freeze ends, the threshold will be adjusted in line with RPI rather than average earnings. We’re working on an update to the calculator to reflect this.

    So please use this as a rough guide only.

    • Expect to repay more quickly than the chart shows if…

      • You're in a career where salary increases rapidly.
         

      • You live at home or get a maintenance grant.
         

      • If so, scroll down the table for a better fit. Someone starting on £15,000 but with big salary increases to come should probably look at results for a £20,000-£25,000 starter.

    • Expect to repay more slowly than the chart shows if…

      • You're in a career where salary remains static.
         

      • You're likely to spend periods not working (redundancy, career break, unemployment, parenting).
         

      • You're studying in London and not living at home.
         

      • You're likely to switch to part-time work.
         

      • You're likely to retire during the 30 years.
         

      • In this case you're likely to pay off your debts more slowly, so look up the table for a better fit. Someone starting on £25,000 should look at the results for a £20,000 or £15,000 starter.

    We've assumed tuition fees of the full £9,250, as this is what most universities charge...

    How much will you repay? (2019 starters)

    Borrowing £9,250 for fees & £8,944 living costs per year, so £54,582 in total. With 3% inflation & graduate earnings growing at inflation + 2% per year.

    STARTING SALARY 
    (AUG 2022)    		 SALARY AFTER 30 YEARS/WHEN DEBT CLEARS TOTAL AMOUNT REPAID WILL I FULLY REPAY IT?
    £15,000 £64,829 Nothing (i) No
    £20,000 £86,441 £440 No
    £22,500 £97,238 £7,760 No
    £25,000 £108,052 £20,520 No
    £30,000 £129,654 £50,820 No
    £40,000 £172,879 £111,700 No
    £50,000 £216,097 £172,560 No
    £55,000 £186,255 £148,010 Yes – 25 years
    £60,000 £175,518 £125,190 Yes – 22 years
    (i) Assumes student loan repayment threshold goes up in line with our assumption of average salary increase.

    How much will you repay at today's prices?

    Borrowing £9,250 for fees & £8,944 living costs per year, so £54,582 in total. Assuming 3% inflation & graduate earnings growing at inflation + 2% per year.

    STARTING SALARY 
    (AUG 2022)    		 SALARY AFTER 30 YEARS/WHEN DEBT FULLY REPAID  TOTAL REPAID AT TODAY'S PRICES WILL I FULLY REPAY IT?
    £15,000 £64,829 Nothing (i) No
    £20,000 £86,441 £190 No
    £22,500 £97,238 £3,710 No
    £25,000 £108,052 £10,710 No
    £30,000 £129,654 £28,830 No
    £40,000 £172,879 £65,330 No
    £50,000 £216,097 £101,820 No
    £55,000 £186,255 £95,790 Yes – 25 years
    £60,000 £175,518 £90,120 Yes – 22 years
    (i) Assumes student loan repayment threshold goes up in line with our assumption of average salary increase.

    Figures based on the following assumptions:

    • Interest is accrued daily and applied monthly.

    • Inflation will be 3% each year (Bank of England statistics show inflation for 2000-2010 to be 2.7% and we have rounded it up).

    • Graduate salary increase will be RPI + 2% (based on Office for National Statistics figures 2000-2010). This factors in some of an individual's potential pay increases from promotions or enhanced skills as they get older or more experienced. This differs from overall average earnings increase, which is across the whole population regardless of age.

    • Tuition loan and maintenance loan are £9,250 and £8,944 respectively.

    • Employment will be gained from August 2022, but repayments start April 2023.

    And the following facts:

    • Debt grows by inflation plus 3% until April 2023.

    • The repayment threshold is £25,725 in 2019/20, after which it will rise by average earnings growth (we assume this to be RPI + 1% per year).

  6. No debt collectors with student loans

    All student loans since 1998 have been repaid through the payroll just like income tax. What this means is that once you're working, your employer will deduct the repayments from your salary before you get it. So the amount you receive in your bank account each month already has it removed.

    This means that if you're an employee, no debt collectors will come chasing as you don't have a choice in the matter and will have paid it automatically.

    • How the self-employed repay student loans

      You always repay the student loan in the same way as you pay income tax.

      For the self-employed, this is done via HM Revenue & Customs' self-assessment scheme. At the end of each tax year, you calculate your earnings and the appropriate amount of tax and loan repayments, and then send it to HMRC. This also applies if you have additional self-employed earnings on top of employment.

      If you're self-employed and fail to pay, the Student Loans Company will try to get in touch with you. Ignore that, and it will send debt collectors your way, and you could eventually end up in court. More information is available for graduates on the Student Loans Company website.

      As a side note, if you are likely to be self-employed, read my Warning to new freelancers and the self-employed blog.

  7. Interest has been capped at 6.9% (for now)

    Until 2012 there was no 'real' cost to borrowing money via student loans, as the interest rate was set at the rate of inflation (measured by RPI).

    If you don't understand interest rates? Read the Interest Rates Beginners' Guide.

    Yet for everyone who started university since the major changes in 2012, that's all changed. The interest is as follows:

    • While studying:

      Usually accrues RPI inflation plus up to 3% on the outstanding balance. This continues until the first April after graduation, when it changes to...
       

    • After studying, earning under £27,295/year (2022/23):

      Usually accrues RPI inflation.
       

    • After studying, earning £27,295 - £49,130/year (2022/23):

      The interest rate will gradually rise from RPI to RPI plus up to 3% as you earn more (the interest rises 0.00015% for every extra pound you earn or, put another way, if you earn £1,000 more, you accrue 0.15% extra interest). 
       

    • After studying, earning over £49,130/year (2022/23):

      Usually accrues at RPI inflation plus 3%.

      It's worth noting all the above scenarios assume inflation is positive (prices rising). It's not yet known what would happen in a period of deflation (prices falling). It's also worth noting that if inflation is above the 'prevailing market rate' - meaning it's costing more than other typical commercial loans - the Government will step in and cap the interest rates students are charged.

    The rate you pay changes each September, and uses the previous March's RPI inflation rate.

    In March 2022, RPI was at 9%. But as this was unusually high, the Government decided to temporarily cap student loan interest. It's currently 6.9% from 1 March 2023.

    In practice, student loans are interest-free for many

    I'm no fan of the fact that students aren't just being charged for their education, they also usually pay for financing it with above-inflation interest.

    Yet that's a principled stance. Being charged interest isn't the same as needing to repay it. In practical terms for lots of graduates, especially those who never become high earners, they'll never end up repaying any interest, so it's meaningless.

  8. Part-timers and post-grads can get loans for tuition fees too

    Part-time students, often forgotten, make up 40% of all undergraduates. Fees start at around £4,500 with a maximum of £6,935 in 2022/23.

    Yet since 2012, for the first time, part-time students studying at least 25% of a full-time course have been eligible for tuition-fee Student Loans Company loans on exactly the same basis as full-time students.

    And if your course started on or after 1 August 2018, you are also eligible for maintenance loans or grants as well – although students over 60 don't qualify.

    Postgraduate students

    New master's students can apply for a master's loan from the Student Loans Company to pay for their courses. These only need repaying if they earn enough once the course ends. Students starting from August 2022 can apply for up to £11,836 and it's repaid at 6%, meaning if you have an undergraduate student loan AND a postgraduate master's loan, you'll be repaying 15% of your salary, once you've reached the relevant thresholds.

    New students studying on a doctoral level are eligible to apply for the doctoral loan. Like the master's loan, it only needs to be repaid if they earn above the threshold. Students starting from August 2022 can apply for up to £27,892.

    Full info on this in my Postgraduate Student Loans guide.

  9. You can borrow for living costs too, but be warned – this is all about your parents' or partner's income, depending on your age

    Full-time students can also take a loan to pay for their living costs, eg, food, books, accommodation and travel. They are known as maintenance loans, and are usually paid in three termly instalments direct to the student's bank account (in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland there's also a grant available). 

    The Student Loans Company (SLC) advises students to apply as early as possible for your student finance, even if you don’t have a confirmed place on your course. For the 2022/23 academic year, these were the deadlines to ensure your funding was in place for the start of term:

    Deadlines for applying for student finance 2022/23*

      New full-time students Returning full-time students
    England 20 May 24 June
    Wales 27 May 17 June
    Northern Ireland 8 April 24 June
    Scotland 30 June 30 June

    *These are the deadlines to ensure you get the money in your bank account by the start of your course in September. You can still apply after these dates but you aren't guaranteed to have the money by the time you start uni.

    It doesn't matter if you're studying in England or elsewhere, it's where you're mainly resident that counts. See our full list of maintenance loan and grant deadlines if you're from Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland.

    Although you can still apply for funding after the respective deadlines, any late applicants run the risk of not receiving the full maintenance support in time for the start of the new term. The Student Loans Company advises getting the application in ASAP as it can take up to six weeks to process.

    The loan is repaid in exactly the same way as the loan for tuition fees (ie, 9% of everything earned above £27,295 in the 2022/23 tax year).

    Yet not all is quite as it seems here. This is because the maintenance loan is means-tested, and the means-tested proportion has increased over recent years from a third to over a half. For almost every student under 25, this means-test is based on household income, which in practice means parents' income. If you're 25 or over, the means-test is based on your partner's income.

    Rather watch than read?

    This helpful little video gives you the lowdown on the parental contribution...

    Martin Lewis warns parents about their expected contribution to the student maintenance loan
    Embedded YouTube Video

    Some of the figures mentioned in this video have changed since the video was made. Graduates currently repay 9% of everything they earn over £27,295.

    The size of the living loan (and grant in Scotland, Northern Ireland & Wales) depends on family income 

    In England, the maximum loan amount first depends on whether students live at home or go away to study (with an uplift for those studying in London). Within that, for most under-25s the amount is means-tested based on annual family residual income. The higher the income, the lower the loan. The loan amount starts reducing with family income of just £25,000/year. 

    However, if you're eligible for benefits, or there's one or more financial dependent children in your household or you've applied for supplementary support, your parents' income's assessed in a different way. 

    Here's how it works in practice, for students starting their course in 2022/23:

    • Living at home: The minimum you can get is £3,597 (2022/23) of the maximum £8,171 (2022/23). The difference between what you get and the maximum, in this case £4,574 (2022/23), is the expected parental contribution.

    • Living away from home, outside London: The minimum you can get £4,524 (2022/23) of the maximum £9,706 (2022/23). The remaining £5,182 (2022/23) is the expected parental contribution.

    • Living away from home and studying in London: The minimum you can get is £6,308 (2022/23) of the maximum £12,667 (2022/23). The remaining £6,359 (2022/23) is the expected parental contribution.

    Maximum maintenance (living) loan for English students

    ACADEMIC YEAR LIVING WITH PARENTS LIVING AWAY FROM HOME LIVING AWAY FROM HOME (LONDON) LIVING AWAY FROM HOME (OVERSEAS)
    2022/23 £8,171 £9,706 £12,667 £11,116
    2021/22 £7,987 £9,488 £12,382 £10,866
    2020/21 £7,747 £9,203 £12,010 £10,539
    How it works if you're from Scotland, Northern Ireland or Wales
    • Scotland & Northern Ireland: In both countries, students get a mix of a loan & grant to live off. The bigger the family income, the bigger the proportion is a loan. Yet as a higher income also reduces the total funds, a contribution is needed here too. 

      In Scotland, the maximum financial support is £8,100. 

      In Northern Ireland, the maximum financial support depends on where you live.
      - If you live at home, you'll get a maximum of £5,338
      - If you live away from home, but outside of London, you'll get a maximum of £6,428
      - If you live away from home, but in London, you'll get a maximum of £8,368. 

    • Wales: This is the only UK nation with no parental contribution. Here family income dictates what proportion of the fixed funds received for living costs is a loan and what is a non-repayable grant but everyone gets the same total amount of support. 

    Though the maintenance loan is based on parents' earnings, and there is an implicit expectation they'll contribute financially, the Government has refused to call it that, and I've campaigned hard to make it transparent (see my letter to Government). In a win for our campaign, the Government has finally accepted this needs to be made clear to students and parents, and the Student Loans Company (SLC) has agreed to update its website accordingly. The SLC also made changes to the individual, physical letters and online portal information that students received for the 2022/23 academic year - though we think the parental contribution still needs to be made clearer.

    To help you work out what parents need to contribute, I've made it simple for you, just type in your details into our parental contribution tool – now available for England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In Wales, there's no parental contribution expected as everyone gets the same maximum amount for maintenance, made up of a combination of a grant and a loan.

    Of course, knowing what the parental contribution is doesn't mean parents can afford to pay it. Yet at least it lets you understand what amount is expected, and helps students and parents have an open dialogue on it.

    My biggest problem is the loan isn't big enough

    While most media outlets like to focus on the headline debt figures, in real terms the main issue most students face is that the loan isn't big enough. The amount of money to live off can barely cover accommodation fees in some circumstances.

    And right now, the rate of inflation is rising faster than maintenance loans are increasing. Therefore it's crucial to ensure there is a real focus on budgeting, and you don't spend the cash the first few weeks of term. Part-time jobs, any grants and extra cash from parents will all help. See Student MoneySaving tips for more on how to make the cash stretch further and try our student budgeting planner.

    You could get more living support if your family's income dropped for any reason

    If your parents' or partner's income has dropped due to the pandemic, or for any other reason, you may be able to get more maintenance support by applying for something called a current year income assessment.  

    Student finance is typically based on your household income in the tax year two years prior to the year of application. So if you're applying in 2022/23, for example, the amount you get would usually be based on your household income from the 2020/21 tax year.

    But if you think your household income for the 2022/23 tax year will be significantly lower than it was in the 2020/21 tax year, you can apply for what's known as a current year income assessment (CYI), which means you might be entitled to larger maintenance loan payments throughout the academic year.

    Each country has a threshold by which your household income needs to have dropped by to apply for a current year income assessment. They are: 

    • England: Household income drop by at least 15%. See the Gov website.
    • Northern Ireland: A drop by at least 5%. See the student finance NI website.
    • Scotland: A drop into a different 'income bracket' (there are four brackets - how much you'll get depends on which one you fall into). See the SAAS website.
    • Wales: A drop by at least 15%. The way finance works here means you'll probably get an increased share of non-repayable grant to repayable loan. See the student finance Wales website. 

    If your household income is already below the minimum threshold, you won’t get a larger loan as you'll already receive the maximum. 

    In England, the Student Loans Company has changed the way you apply for CYI for 2022/23 applications onwards. Previously, students would be required to download, complete, and return forms to apply for CYI, and then do the same again at the end of the tax year to provide their parents' or partner's finalised income. Students will now be able to request a CYI assessment and provide the end of year actuals all from their online accounts.

    Current year income (CYI) assessments will be available for students applying for student finance for the 2022/23 academic year, once the new tax year starts on 6 April 2022.

    • How is the means-testing assessed?

      How much maintenance loan you get is dependent on your parents' pre-tax income (minus some calculations, eg, pension contributions and if they've another dependent child). If their combined earnings are above £25,000, they're expected to help top up your maintenance loan.

      One major flaw with this system is that it doesn't take into account parents' expenditure and ability to pay. It only reduces the amount of your household income it uses to assess your maintenance loan size by £1,130 if your parents have other dependants – which is trivial compared to the amount they might be paying out to support another child at university at the same time as you.

      This mostly affects middle-class parents, as students from low-income families will get the full loan. As I've explained in my Are student loans broken? guide, parents are going to have to save for their children to go to university, and many have no idea.

      As a result, it's likely that students who would've otherwise stayed on will be forced to leave their courses because they simply can't afford them.

      The only times you won't be means-tested for the maintenance loan is if you're over 25 or if you've been supporting yourself for at least three years before you start university (for example, if you've had a full-time job).

    • Can students force parents to give them the money?

      The short answer is: no. Parents can't be forced to pay, regardless of whether that's because they can't afford to, or they just don't want to. I said in my blog on expected parental contributions (see that for more in-depth info) that this creates an unfair situation for the student – either they should be treated independently or they should be able to make their parents pay up.

    • I am independent from my parents, will I still be assessed based on my parents' income?

      You can apply for independent status, which means your parents' incomes won't be taken into consideration, if you meet one of the following criteria:

      • You're estranged from your parents, meaning you've not had verbal or written contact with them for over a year, and your relationship won't improve in the foreseeable future.
      • You have supported yourself for at least 36 months (three years) before your course starts, although those months don't have to be consecutive. You will need to show proof of your earnings and that you've made enough to support yourself.
      • You've been in local authority care for at least three months after your 16th birthday, you're estranged from your parents and this won't improve.
      • If you don't know where your parents are, or it could be dangerous to contact them, or if your parent has a significant mental health or physical health issue that makes it impractical or dangerous for you to contact them.
      • If you're at least 25 years old on the first day of your course, or you're married or in a civil partnership or have been before but are now separated, or you have a child or dependent, or both of your parents have passed away.

      You will need to provide evidence with your application, so make sure you read the charity Stand Alone's guidance carefully to avoid the risk of being rejected.

    • I'm disabled – can I get extra help?

      Extra help, called disabled student allowances (DSAs), is available for disabled students to cover costs you have due to a mental health problem, long-term illness or another disability. You get DSAs on top of your other student finance and you don't need to pay it back.

      How much you get depends on your individual needs and where you're studying – it is not means-tested. The available amounts are per term, except for specialist equipment figures, which cover the entire length of your course.

      The below figures are available for full-time undergraduate students for 2022/23 and are the maximum funding available. The funding is usually paid directly to suppliers who provide the recommended support – whether it’s taxi companies, computers or software, ergonomic equipment, or non-medical helpers, such as mentors or specialist tutors. The funding is not usually given as a cash allowance to the student.

      Maximum disabled student allowances 2022/23

        England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland
      Maximum disabled student allowance £25,000 £32,546 £27,405 £25,000
      In Scotland, this is broken down into: Non-medical helper £20,520, Specialist equipment £5,160, General allowance £1,725

      These are maximum figures, so you'll likely get less than this – and part-time students will get pro rata amounts. See below. But as students don't get enough to cover living costs as it is, the DSAs can be a great extra help, so it's worth applying if you're eligible – especially as you don't have to pay them back.

      You may also be able to get help with "reasonable costs" for travel (eg, if you have to take a taxi because your disability makes using public transport too difficult). In these situations you'll get the extra it cost you, compared to what it would have cost you if you didn't have a disability.

      DSAs are also available on a part-time basis. Amounts vary, so look up how much you can get in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

      Postgraduate students can also get DSAs. Again, the amount varies between countries:

      • England: £25,000 per year (full-time, part-time, undergraduate and postgraduate students).

      • Northern Ireland: £10,469 per year (available to both full-time and part-time students).

      • Scotland: £22,245 per year (full-time, part-time students need to meet certain criteria to be eligible), plus £5,160 to cover the entirety of your course.

      • Wales: £31,831 (full-time, will be less if you're a part-time student).

      The DSA Assessment process involves finding a centre and attending an assessment. The process can take several months and should ideally be done before starting university. You can apply for DSAs even if you're not sure which university you're going to.

    • What are the deadlines for applying for maintenance support in Wales, Scotland and NI?

      To have received the cash by the start of the September 2022 term, you needed to meet the following deadlines, which change based on where you typically live:

      In Wales: For new students, it was 27 May. For returning students, it was 17 June. 

      In Northern Ireland: For new students it was 8 April. For returning students, it was 24 June.

      In Scotland: The deadline was 30 June for new and returning students. 

      Missed the deadline? Don't worry, you can still apply for funding up to nine months after your course start date, but you won't be certain to get the cash in time for the start of term if you're late.

    • I'm studying in Wales – can I get a maintenance loan?

      Wales offers a maintenance loan, but the terms are different from those who study in England.

      You can choose to be income-assessed when applying. If you do, then your household income (your income and your parents' incomes, or your partner's income if you live together) will determine what support you'll get. If you don't do an income assessment, you'll only get basic support.

      The maximum amount you can get depends on where you live and your circumstances:

      • Living with your parents: A maximum of £9,095/year (2022/23).

      • Living away from home, studying outside London: £10,710/year (2022/23).

      • Living away from home, studying in London: £13,375/year (2022/23).

      The maximum levels are available regardless of your household income – however, this will determine how much of the full amount you'll be given as a grant and how much you'll be given as a loan.

    • Is there funding available for the over-60s?

      It used to be these loans were only available to the under-60s. But since 2016/17, over-60s are able to apply for loans for living costs too if they're studying full-time. The maximum loan for living costs in 2022/23 for all full-time students aged 60 or over is £4,106/year.

  10. Grants were replaced by larger loans for 2016/17 starters and beyond

    Maintenance grants have been scrapped for new students in England – however, they're still available for those who started on their course before 1 August 2016. You do not have to pay the grant back, but it will reduce how much maintenance loan you'll get.

    Grants are still available in other parts of the UK.

    • Wales

      Wales offers both a maintenance loan and the Welsh Government learning grant (WGLG), which help cover costs such as food and rent.

      How much you can get depends on your household income and where you'll be studying, although Student Finance Wales says most students will get at least £1,000.

      You don't need to pay the grant back unless you leave your course or your circumstances change and you're overpaid.

      The Welsh Government learning grant further education is an income-assessed grant that offers up to £1,500 for a full-time course, or up to £750 for a part-time course, depending on household income:

      £6,120 or less: You can get up to £1,500 full-time or up to £750 part-time.

      £6,121 to £12,235: You can get up to £750 full-time or up to £450 part-time.

      £12,236 to 18,370: You can get up to £450 full-time or up to £300 part-time.

      £18,371 or more: You're not eligible for a grant.

      The special support grant (SSG) can help with up to £5,161 per year, but it has specific eligibility criteria that you need to meet, eg, being a single parent, over 60, disabled or entitled to certain benefits. You may be able to get some additional grant through the WGLG as well. Getting the SSG won't affect how much maintenance loan you can get.

    • Northern Ireland

      Northern Ireland offers two grants for students who are normally residents in Northern Ireland (meaning you didn't move there just to study) and are doing a full-time higher education course – the maintenance grant and the special support grant, but you'll only get one or the other.

      The grants are means-tested, but you don't need to pay them back.

      Both grants offer the same amounts. How much you can get depends on your household income:

      £19,203 or less: You can get up to £3,475.

      £19,204 to £41,065: You may be eligible to a partial grant depending on household income.

      £41,066 or more: You’re not eligible for a grant.

      While the two grants offer the same level of support, there are some significant differences. The maintenance grant will affect how much you will get through your maintenance loan. The special support grant is only available to students fitting specific criteria:
       

      • Single parents.
      • Student parents whose partners are also students.
      • Students with certain disabilities.

    • Scotland

      Scotland offers three living costs grants that you don't have to pay back if you're a full-time student, however there are specific criteria you must meet to be eligible.

      Dependants' grant: Available to students who act as carers for their spouse, civil partner, partner or another adult dependant who's not a student. It's income-assessed and your partners income will be taken into account. If eligible, you can get up to £2,640 per year.

      Lone parents' grant: If you're single, divorced, widowed, separated or your partnership has dissolved, and you're raising children on your own, you may be eligible for this grant. It pays up to £1,305 per year.

      Care experienced accommodation grant: If you were previously in care and are under 26 when starting your course, you can get up to £105 per week towards accommodation costs over the summer holiday period.

    Will scrapping student grants stop people going to university?

    In practical terms, getting rid of the student grant only affects high-earning graduates. That's because after leaving university, students repay 9% of everything they earn over £27,295/year (2022/23) for a maximum of 30 years. Those who'd currently qualify for a full grant would only actually pay more if it was wiped, if they'd repay their entire tuition fees, remaining maintenance loan after the grant and interest within the 30 years before the debt wipes.

    A number crunch shows that as a rule of thumb, for a student living away from home who is taking the full tuition fees, this is only for those on graduate starting salaries substantially above £30,000 who then get above-inflation pay rises after that too. That is at the very high end of graduate earnings.

    The real risk with ending grants is the fact larger loans can be a psychological deterrent, especially to those from non-university backgrounds.

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  11. Student loans DO NOT go on credit files

    When you borrow from a bank for a credit card, loan or mortgage, to evaluate whether they'll make money from you lenders look at three pieces of information – your application form, any previous dealings they've had with you and, crucially, the information on your credit reference files (full info: How Credit Ratings Work).

    Most normal financial transactions and credit relationships you have are listed on these files – yet student loans are not included (with the exception of students who started university before 1998 under the original loans system and defaulted).

    So the only way loan, credit card or mortgage providers know if you've got a student loan is if they choose to ask on application forms. They can do this and it happens, but in general it's only for bigger value transactions such as mortgages.

  12. Student debt can impact your ability to get a mortgage, but not as much as people think

    I know many parents worry that now we have £9,250 tuition fees, the subsequent 'debt' will hit their child's ability to get a mortgage after studying.

    Of course, having a student loan is worse than not having one when it comes to getting a mortgage, though going to university often results in earning a higher salary, which usually cancels this out.

    Many worry about the "huge debt" putting lenders off. Actually, that isn't a problem as student loans don't appear on your credit file, so the impact isn't really about whether you'll be allowed a mortgage or not.

    Where it does impact is in the affordability checks which establish whether you can afford to make repayments on a mortgage. Of course, as you have lower take-home income with a student loan, that means you'll be assessed as being able to make smaller repayments. For full help, see First-Time Buyers' Mortgage guide.

    The changes in 2012 had some benefits for those getting mortgages

    Many parents' biggest fear was about the increase in tuition fees from £3,000 to £9,000 back in 2012. But in some ways the changes were an improvement.

    While it's now a somewhat dated issue, it does merit a mention – and if you understand this explanation, then it means you've nailed understanding the new system.

    If we contrast student loans for those who start now with their 2011 predecessors, while the borrowing is bigger, the repayments are smaller. That's because recent starters pay 9% over £27,295/year (2022/23), while those who started before pay 9% over £20,195.

    That means the 2011 cohort lose more of their disposable income, making mortgages far less 'affordable'.

    Yet the fact they repay more each month and have borrowed less mean they're likely to clear their debt much quicker, so once they've repaid it (typically after a decade or so), they then have a bigger disposable income. So all in all, for mortgage-getting at least, the change was swings and roundabouts.

  13. You can repay student loans early

    In the early days, the Government was consulting on penalties to stop people repaying early, but the mass of feedback (including our no to penalties submission) was against, and thankfully it decided to scrap the idea.

    Yet this doesn't mean you should pay them off early, just because it's allowed. While in general we encourage people to repay their debts as quickly as possible, student loans are one of the rare cases where that will be a bad decision for some people.

    This is because under the new system many won't fully repay before the debt's wiped (after 30 years, use the Student Finance Calculator to see). Overpaying each month could actually be worthless – as the overpayment's not reducing the amount you'd need to pay back at all.

    Even if you've enough cash to clear the loan in full, it may not be worth it as your repayments primarily depend on what you earn, not what you borrowed. It could mean you need to repay less than what you owed. To see how this concept works, read the Beware Paying Tuition Fees Upfront guide.

  14. Beware paying tuition fees upfront, it could leave you £10,000s worse off

    Many parents save up to avoid their children getting into 'debt'. Even more horrifically, some borrow money themselves so their children won't need student loans.

    That's a petrifying thought because a student loan is the 'best' form of debt you'll ever get. The interest is relatively low and crucially you only need to repay it if you earn enough.

    Even if you've got the savings it can be very bad financial logic. Let's take a look...

    An example:

    Paul wants to study agricultural science. His parents decide they don't want him getting the tuition fee loan and shell out £28,000 of their hard-earned cash to pay his tuition fees, and give him £20,000 to live off over three years.

    He graduates and wonderfully decides to go and work for a charity based in Africa for 10 years, where he never earns over £27,295. Then he comes back, gets married and becomes a full-time parent of their three children.

    They paid £48,000 for money Paul will never need to repay. In fact, they'd have been far better off to save the money towards a mortgage deposit for him, as that's a far more difficult task...

    Of course, I've given you an extreme example, but if you are considering paying tuition fees upfront, it can still be a waste of cash even for those who earn well over £27,295 after university. If you're considering this, read my full Beware Paying Tuition Fees Upfront guide, which takes you through the pros and cons.

  15. Students from, or going to, Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish unis may have different rules

    Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish students, including those who decide to study in England, receive their financial support from their "home" devolved administration, so it's a matter for those governments to decide how they wish to support their students.

    • Scotland:

      Scottish students studying in Scotland pay no tuition fees. English, Welsh and Northern Irish students studying there will be charged up to £9,250 per year, as will Scottish students studying in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

      More info: Student Awards Agency for Scotland.
       

    • Northern Ireland:

      Northern Irish students studying in Northern Ireland can pay up to £4,360 per year. Those from England, Scotland or Wales will be charged up to £9,250 per year.

      More info: Student Finance NI.
       

    • Wales:

      Tuition fees at Welsh universities are £9,000 for those studying in Wales and £9,250 if studying in the rest of the UK.

      More info: Student Finance Wales.

    Here's a summary of the situation for 2022 starters:

    Maximum tuition fees

      WHERE STUDENT IS STUDYING
    WHERE STUDENT LIVES ENGLAND SCOTLAND WALES NORTHERN IRELAND
    England Up to £9,250 Up to £9,250 Up to £9,000 Up to £9,250
    Scotland Up to £9,250 Free Up to £9,000 Up to £9,250
    Wales Up to £9,250 Up to £9,250 Up to £9,000 Up to £9,250
    Northern Ireland Up to £9,250 Up to £9,250 Up to £9,000 Up to £4,630
    Source: UCAS

     

  16. The very highest earners aren't the very highest payers

    Throughout this guide I've explained that the more you earn, the more you repay. Yet a quirk of the system means technically, beyond a certain point, that's not true.

    In truth, for the huge majority of people this isn't relevant – so feel free to skip this technical point – but I add it in for technical correctness and because from a political perspective it is worth examining.

    This quirk happens because seriously high earners pay off so quickly they have less time to accrue interest. If we take a ludicrous example to prove the point, if someone earned a billion pounds in their first month of work, they'd have cleared the debt in one month, so no interest would've accrued.

    Of course they still repay far more in total than low earners, but it does mean rather perversely that very, very high earners repay less than high earners.

    Try a wee experiment to see this. Go to the Student Loan Calculator and set it to the maximum tuition fees (£9,250 per year) and a maintenance loan of, say, £6,000 per year. Now use the salary slider to change the starting salary and – on standard assumptions of inflation and salary growth – you'll see at first the repayments rise. Then, after a starting salary of around £48,000, they start to fall.

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  17. The student loan isn't a debt. If we changed its name to the more accurate 'graduate contribution', this mythbusting guide would be less needed

    The name 'student loans' frightens people. They scare the risk averse, which tends to especially include those from non-traditional university backgrounds, off going to university. They make parents do silly things like borrowing on their expensive mortgage so their child won't be 'in debt'.

    Even worse, it means many students have lost the fear of debt, and ended up taking out credit cards or payday loans – after all, if the Government enforces you to 'borrow', what can be wrong with it?

    Yet the truth is what we call a student loan isn't really a debt like any other, in fact it acts far more like a tax than a loan. After all...

    • It's repaid through the income tax system.
    • You only repay it if you earn over a certain amount.
    • The amount repaid increases with earnings.
    • It does not go on credit files.
    • Debt collectors will not chase for it.
    • Bigger borrowing doesn't increase repayments.
    • Many people will continue to repay for the majority of their working life.

    But in reality it isn't a tax, it's more of a contributory contract. In effect though, it's somewhere between the two.

    Time to change the name

    So if we're looking for a name for this hybrid form of finance, let's try "contribution", as used in Australia. Below are a few key student loan facts where I've changed the word 'repay' to 'contribute', and suddenly they make more sense:

    • You need only contribute if you earn enough (£27,295 in a year) once you graduate.
    • Your contributions are taken via the payroll.
    • The more financially successful you are, the more you will contribute in total.
    • If you don't earn enough, you don't have to contribute.
    • You only have to contribute for 30 years.

    Suddenly this fear of debt looks ridiculous. Would a student say: "I'm not going to university, because if I'm a high earner afterwards they'll ask me for a contribution to my education." Of course not. They'd relish the financial success, and be assured that if they didn't do too well, they wouldn't contribute as much or even nothing at all.

    The same is true of parents. Many say: "I'm worried my child will be £50,000 in debt when they leave university, I will do all I can to prevent it." However, I've never heard anyone say: "I'm worried my child will earn enough to be a higher-rate taxpayer after university, I'm saving up now to pay their tax for them."

    Let's take this a step further, and put the 'contribution' within the model of income tax. Take a look at this table:

    Equivalent 'marginal' (1) tax rates for graduates under 2012+ system

    Earnings up to £12,570 No tax – this is within your 'personal allowance', the amount earnable before income tax starts, and under the national insurance threshold
    Earnings over £12,570, up to £27,295 32% tax and national insurance
    Earnings over £27,295 up to £50,270 41% due to addition of student loan repayments
    Earnings over £50,270, up to £150,000 51% due to addition of higher-rate tax, but drop in national insurance (2)
    Earnings above £150,000 56% due to higher-rate tax (2)
    (1) 'Marginal' means you only pay the specified tax rate on that portion of salary. For more, see the Tax Rates guide. (2) Earn above £100,000 and your personal allowance will also be affected.

    I've been campaigning to get the name changed, including meeting with the Universities Minister. For further arguments on this, see my Student loans aren't a debt editorial. Most recently, at a Conservative party conference the Universities Minister agreed with me that student loans should be called 'graduate contributions'. We'll update this guide with any further developments.

  18. Student loans should be counted as part of students' income

    Many school leavers go straight to university with their parents or grandparents yelling "STICK TO A BUDGET!" Yet that simply isn't enough info. Think about this for a moment:

    A working person shouldn't spend more than they EARN.

    What shouldn't a full-time student spend more than?

    It's this piece of the budgeting jigsaw many people miss, but it's crucial – without knowing your income, you can't budget.

    I'd define a student's income as the student loan, any grant, any income from working and any money given by parents or relatives.

    Total that up, and this is what you should budget not to spend more than.

    It's important to note that while this does include the student loan, it doesn't include 0% overdrafts, which at best should be seen as an aid to cash flow but not income (see our Best Student Accounts guide) or any other commercial debt.

  19. Offered a fee waiver or bursary? Go for the bursary

    Those coming from homes with lower incomes or less traditional university backgrounds are likely to be offered incentives by universities. The exact structure and money is likely to be given in one of three ways, but should be worth up to £3,000:

    • Fee waiver

      Here you are given a reduction each year on your tuition fees, meaning the loan you need is less.
       

    • Bursary

      This is some form of cash or gift in kind. It could range from a £1,000 grant or help with living arrangements, depending on your situation.
       

    • Scholarship

      Similar to a bursary, it is usually a form of cash or gift in kind. Getting one depends on academic ability (usually A-level grades) rather than income.

    See details about...

    • Learner support funding

      • Definitions of discretionary funding

        Many organisations, including universities and colleges, offer additional funding to help students in specific circumstances. Sometimes this is to broaden the range of entrants to higher education and sometimes it aims to encourage applications from high achieving students.

        Each organisation will have its own priorities for the students it wants to assist. So the following categories will vary depending on where and what is being studied. Students need to research what support is on offer both in their local area, subject area, and at the universities they are applying to.
         

      • Bursaries

        A bursary is a grant that does not need to be repaid. Bursaries are usually paid by universities to help with costs associated with study: books and equipment, childcare, and travel are typical examples. Eligibility is usually determined by household income, or other personal circumstances, eg, those with children or those leaving care. Availability and how much you receive will vary at different universities.
         

      • Scholarships

        A scholarship does not have to be repaid. Scholarships are usually paid in recognition of educational achievement, and can help towards the cost of fees or other course costs, and may also provide living cost support. Availability and how much you receive will vary at different universities.
         

      • Fee waiver/fee discount

        This is paid to cover some (via a discount) or all (via a waiver) of your tuition fees. You will not usually receive a payment directly when you are awarded a fee waiver/discount. It reduces the amount of tuition fees you are required to pay and does not have to be paid back.

        Info provided by Nasma.

    • Why a bursary beats a fee waiver

      If you are given a choice, as some universities will be offering, with everything else being equal it is usually better to go for a bursary.

      The reason for this is quite simple. As I've explained, many people will never repay in full, even at the £6,000 level.

      Therefore, in real terms, unless you earn a higher salary on graduation, the fee waiver is unlikely to reduce the amount you repay at all. So while it may feel like your fee and debt are lower, there is no material impact on your pocket.

      Yet a bursary will provide definitive cash now, which is a boon and could reduce the need for any commercial borrowing. So as one is a certain gain, and the other is a 'you may benefit in the future, but might not', the choice is a no-brainer.

      To get really advanced (feel free to ignore this), for those who are sure they'll be on very big salaries there is an advantage to taking the fee waiver as it reduces the interest paid. Yet this is marginal at best over taking cash now, as inflation reduces the impact due to money being worth more now than later.

      It is interesting to note that while worse for you, fee waivers are far better for the Treasury. As the money comes from the university, it decreases the amount the Government has to loan out.

    • Why are they giving out this money?

      Universities that charge more than £6,000 must use some of the excess funds over that amount to help improve access to university. The money comes from two sources...

      The Access Programme – widening participation

      Institutions that charge fees above £6,000 are also obliged to put some of the excess (works out at an average of around 25%) into access agreement schemes to widen participation for students from under-represented groups.

      This money will be given to students from low-income households who come from under-represented groups, ie, those most able but least likely to apply.

      Other forms of funding

      On top of the official financial support, other funding sources are also available from scholarship sites such as Family Action, Scholarship Search, Student Cash Point, Turn2Us and Uni Grants UK. Though check the details directly with the university, and find contact details on the Nasma website or for the grant provider too.

  20. Parental contributions are exempt from inheritance tax

    Any money you give your child to go to uni (to help fund living costs or tuition fees) is exempt from inheritance tax. There are no limits to the amount you can give, as long as your child continues in full-time education or training.

  21. Warning. This is how it works now. Sadly it can be changed – even retrospectively

    So now you understand it, the obvious question is: "How fixed is all this?"

    The Government has already sold off the remaining £40 billion of student loan debt it had – a concern to many of the over four million uni leavers since 1998 with outstanding loans. In itself that can't change the terms and structures of the way the loans work, but it can change operating practices which may be a pain in the neck for some.

    Yet it's important to understand Parliament is 'omnicompetent' – in other words, it's completely free to make and change rules made in the past. This means there is no 100% guarantee the system will remain unchanged for the 30 years until you're clear. It's worth being aware this is a risk factor.

    In the past, it has always been thought that retrospective changes to the system go against natural justice and it hasn't happened – after all, each time a new student finance system has been introduced, it has only applied to new starters.

    Yet that sacred trust was breached in November 2015, when the Government froze the repayment threshold for all those who started in 2012 and beyond – the threshold was meant to be increased. This effectively hiked the cost of student loans above what people had thought they would be when they started university. That shouldn't happen – no commercial firm would be allowed to do this.

    The student loan repayment threshold was then increased from £21,000 to £25,000 in April 2018 as part of a wide-ranging review of student finance. It increased yet again to £25,725 in April 2019, £26,575 in April 2020 and to £27,295 in April 2021.

    However, the Government has frozen the repayment threshold at £27,295 for 2022/23.This freeze would mean students earning above the threshold would pay around £113 more per year than they would have done if the threshold had risen by 4.6%, as it was supposed to.

    The Government still refuses to enshrine many elements of student loan rates into statute – meaning it can change rates without a vote in the House of Commons. This is a very worrying situation, as it means it is difficult to trust the system. But unfortunately if you want to go to university you've got no choice.

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