State Pension

How much do you get and can you boost it?

Updated 6 April 2020

The state pension saw a big change in 2016, affecting people retiring since then. While the Government's aim has been to make the system fairer for all and easier to understand, it can still be a minefield – and some people have lost out from the overhaul.

In this guide

What is the state pension and when will I get it?
How much state pension will I get?
What are qualifying NI years - and how do I find out how many I've got?
Why contracting out will cut your state pension

How can I boost my state pension?
- - Defer your state pension
- - Buy more pension years
Retired pre-April 2016? Here's what you need to know
State pension Q&A

Thanks to Alan Higham formerly of PensionsChamp and Danny Cox of Hargreaves Lansdown for fact-checking and their help putting the guide together.

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What is the state pension and when will I get it?

A 'flat-rate' state pension was ushered in on 6 April 2016. While the overhaul was designed to make the system easier to understand, it's still far from simple.

The flat-rate state pension only applies to those reaching state pension age on or after 6 April 2016. This means millions of older people aren't affected by it and have simply carried on receiving their state pension under the previous system (for more info on this see below).

When will the state pension be paid to me?

As with the previous system, you receive the state pension when you reach the Government's official retirement age. What that is depends on when you were born.

To cut costs, the official retirement age is gradually being raised. It has increased to 66 for men and women since April 2020, then it will rise to 67 by 2029, with a further rise to 68 due between 2037 and 2039.

The rising pension age for women has triggered much controversy – previously it was just 60. Campaign group WASPI – Women Against State Pension Inequality – has fought against the pace of change in women's state pension age, but lost a legal fight against the government.

To find your exact retirement age, see the Government's State Pension Age Calculator.

State pension age for men and women

TABLE_CELL_STYLE	BORN	OFFICIAL RETIREMENT AGE
Men	Before 6 December 1953	65
	On or after 6 December 1953	66
Women	Before 6 April 1950	60
	On or after 6 April 1950	66

Quick question

How do I actually claim the state pension?

While it might feel like an official life milestone, you won't get your state pension automatically – it's up to you to claim it. No later than two months before you reach your state pension age you should get a letter from the Government's Pension Service telling you what to do.

If you don't receive a letter, call the telephone claim line where staff will be able to discuss with you what you need to do.

You've three ways to claim: by filling in a claim form online, by calling 0800 731 7898, or by downloading a claim form from Gov.uk and sending it to your local pension centre whose address can be found on the Government website.

How much state pension will I get?

What you get depends on how many so-called 'qualifying years' of national insurance (NI) contributions you have. These are earned over your lifetime and how many you get generally depends on how many years you're in work.

You can also build them up as NI credits for time spent raising a family, if you care for someone who is sick or has a disability, or have been enrolled in full-time training.

You can get an estimate of your state pension based on your current NI record by going online. But bear in mind this is only an estimate and what you actually receive when you retire may be different, especially if the pension system changes again in future.

Here's what you need...

To get any state pension at all

Under the state pension rules that came in on 6 April 2016, you need a minimum of 10 years before you'll get any payment at all. Reach this and you'll be paid 10/35ths of the total – currently £175.20 – which is about £50 a week. These qualifying years can be from before or after 6 April 2016 and don't have to be 10 years in a row – they can be dotted about over a much longer period.

However, if you don't meet this 10-year minimum, you won't get a penny (although pension credit should be available). Under the previous system, there was no minimum – you could still get a small payout even if you had just a few years of NI contributions.
To get the full £175.20

You'll need 35 years to get the full £175.20 rate (which itself rises each year by 2.5%, inflation or average wage growth – whichever is highest). Crucially, you don't have to start from scratch from 6 April 2016 – any qualifying years earned before this date will count along with subsequent years.

And some people can get more. Under the previous state pension rules, workers were able to build up what's known as the additional state pension (also called the second state pension, S2P, or SERPS) – a top-up to the former basic state pension. Although the current rules have now scrapped this top-up, the Government has allowed many workers in their 40s, 50s and early-60s to keep their existing entitlement.

This is part of the Government's pledge that people who worked to build up a healthy state pension under the previous rules shouldn't lose out under the new ones.

To make it work – and it is fiendishly complicated – what you'll get depends on a so-called 'starting sum' calculation. This compares what you'd have been entitled to under the old and new regimes – and, in a nutshell, you'll get the higher of the two.

This extra money is known as your 'protected payment' and will be highlighted on your state pension statement.
To get somewhere in between

You'll get the equivalent value of the state pension according to the total number of years you've built up – so 23 years would give you roughly two-thirds of the current £175.20 payout, or about £117.

As a guide to what you might get, multiply the number of years you've got by £5 – this figure is what each qualifying year is roughly worth.

There's a potential catch, though. Some years in which you paid NI don't count when working out how much you're entitled to because they're not deemed 'full' years. This could mean you end up with less than you imagined (see 'contracting out' below).

What are qualifying NI years – and how do I find out how many I've got?

For a qualifying year, you generally need to earn a minimum amount of money during a tax year (6 April to 5 April) and pay the required NI contributions. For 2020/21 these minimums are...

For employees: £120/week, £520/month, £6,240/year

For the self-employed: £125/week, £540/month, £6,475/year

If you work full-time, even on the minimum wage or just a few days a week throughout the year, you are likely to earn a qualifying year. And, to reiterate, these qualifying years can be from before or after 6 April 2016 and don't have to be consecutive – they can be dotted about over a much longer period.

Remember too that you'll need at least 10 qualifying years to be eligible for any payout at all.

Warning: More than 200,000 stay-at-home parents or carers of under-12s risk losing some of their state pension because it's their earning partner who's registered for child benefit. Even if your partner's bringing in £50,000 or more a year, the threshold where child benefit starts to reduce on a sliding scale, the non-earner is still entitled to NI credits – so make sure the right person is registered. You can also transfer NI credits from from one partner to another to boost your state pension.

Quick questions

Does it matter if I don't have a job?

If you're unable to work – for example due to long-term illness or you're caring for someone – you may be able to get NI credits. With some benefits, such as child benefit for a child under 12, jobseeker's allowance, and employment and support allowance, you get NI credits automatically.

There are some instances where it isn't done automatically and you have to apply; for example if you care for someone for at least 20 hours a week, you may be able to apply for carer's credit.

You can check if you're eligible for credits, but you need to wait until a tax year ends on 5 April before you can apply for credits for the previous 12 months.
Where can I check how many NI years I have?

HM Revenue & Customs may write to you if you have a gap in your NI contributions.

And you can check the situation for yourself by going to the Government's website or phoning the national insurance helpline on 0300 200 3500.

Ask it: Which years have you got me down as paying national insurance?

Those NI contributions or credits on your record under the previous state pension will still count towards your new state pension – you don't have to start from scratch with your contributions under the new system. For more on NI contributions, see the Q&As below.

Why 'contracting out' will cut your state pension payout

Not everyone is eligible for the full flat-rate sum. This mainly affects people who won't have enough qualifying NI years because they've been 'contracted out' of the state pension in the past.

Contracting out isn't simple...

Under the previous system, the state pension was made up of two parts:

The basic state pension, and
Additional state pension, sometimes referred to as state second pension or SERPS (State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme).

If you are or were in a defined benefit company pension scheme – where the amount you're paid in retirement is a set proportion of your final salary – you're likely to have been 'contracted out' of the additional state pension.

In a nutshell, it meant workers paid a lower rate of NI contributions. This was because – in return – they would have paid this extra cash into their workplace scheme, or had it paid in for them by their employer. Millions of workers with company pensions in the public and private sectors are affected. Many individuals also contracted out through personal pensions.

You need 35 FULL years to qualify for a £175.20 pension...

This means you won't get £175.20 despite having what you thought were 35 years of NI contributions. What counts is 35 years of full contributions – not ones where you paid a lower NI rate.

To this end, the Government will deduct a sum from your new state pension. It says that although you'll get less than the full £175.20, retirees will still be paid what they would have got under the old state pension.

The sum is what the Government has coined your 'contracted out pension equivalent' (COPE) amount. If you ask for a state pension statement from the Government it will include this amount.

However, while many people will get a private pension boost which offsets this deduction, it could be less than the state pension they gave up – much depends on the pension scheme and investment performance. To make matters worse, many workers won't even have realised they were contracted out, so will learn of their lower pension as a shock.

Quick questions

Why did 'contracting out' happen?

So-called 'contracting out' saw staff agree to give up their right to additional state pension.

The idea was that in return for doing so, you (and your employer) would pay a lower level of NI, giving you a bigger pay packet.

On top of this, your private pension provider would then boost your retirement fund with an extra bit of cash.

Behind it all lay a desire to cut the state's pension bill.

If it could persuade workers to give up their right to the additional state pension – 'contracting out' – the Government could make huge savings and let private companies take the strain instead.

In theory, the worker would benefit from having the extra cash invested in the stock market which then went towards paying them an income when they retired.
How do I know if I've been contracted out?
You may have to dig out old payslips or P60s. If you were contracted out via a personal pension, you'll need to get your pension provider to confirm. You can check with your pension provider if you've been contracted out in the past. The Pension Tracing Service may be able to find your pension providers' details if you've lost contact with them.

You're more likely to have been contracted out if you work in public sector organisations and professions such as:

The armed forces

Civil service

Councils

Fire service

The NHS

Police

Teaching

How can I boost my state pension?

There are ways you can boost your state pension, however each option needs to be considered carefully.

Defer your state pension

You can put off claiming – 'defer' – your basic state pension. This can be useful if you're still working, as it means you could get larger pension payments later. Unless you claim your pension, it will automatically be deferred.

More on deferring your state pension

How much extra can I get?

For someone reaching state pension age after April 2016, every nine weeks you defer boosts your weekly state pension by 1%. If you hold off taking your state pension for 12 months, this works out as a 5.8% boost.

For someone entitled to the full £175.20 flat-rate pension, deferring by a year means they'll then get an extra £10.15 a week (about £528 a year). The extra amount is paid with your regular state pension payment.

Should I defer my state pension?

If you are still working at state pension age, or have other retirement income such as a company pension, deferring the state pension might seem a good idea.

However, you need to balance the prospect of a bigger state pension in the future against giving up £1,000s of pension income in the short term.

When you eventually start drawing your deferred (larger) state pension, it will be years before you make up for the foregone payouts. The 'break even' point has been calculated as 17 years from when you start drawing your deferred state pension.

The longer you live, the more you stand to benefit from deferring. Equally, unless you live to a good age in retirement, deferring will cost you overall.

Also, drawing your extra state pension may reduce the amount you get from state benefits such as pension credit, housing benefit and council tax reduction.

Buy 'extra' pension years

If you've got spare savings and can afford to be without the cash in the short term, it's also possible to replace some missing NI qualifying years.

This could lead to a big increase in your basic state pension payout over your retirement.

In a nutshell, you pay a one-off lump sum to buy a higher state pension sum. Assuming you live long enough, the extra cash you earn from a bigger weekly state pension could be worth £1,000s over a lifetime.

More on buying 'extra' pension years

But before you boost your state pension, double-check it's worthwhile because – as always with pensions – there are some tricky rules.

The key that defines whether it's worth bothering is how many NI years you already have (remember that under the current state pension you need 35 qualifying years for a full-rate payout). You can check online whether you have any gaps in your NI record by getting a state pension statement or calling the Government's Future Pension Centre on 0845 3000 168 and it'll send you a statement.

Quick questions

How many years can you buy?

If you're eligible, and you could benefit by boosting, buying extra years involves paying what are called 'voluntary class 3 NI contributions'.

Those retiring after 6 April 2016 can buy up to 10 years' contributions.

The rate is £15.30 (2020/21) per missing week of NI contributions – £795 for a full year.
Could you be excluded from buying NI years?
There are some who may not be able to, or shouldn't, buy additional years.

Paid reduced NI? Married women sometimes paid less NI (known as the 'small stamp' or 'married woman's stamp') in return for some maternity benefits. But those who signed up to this can't replace any missing years where they paid reduced NI for the whole year.

Already at the maximum number of years? If you try to buy further years that would take you over the maximum number allowed, you'll normally be prevented from doing so by the Government.
What should I consider to see if it's worth it?

Whether it's a good idea will depend on whether you can afford to give up the cash needed to buy the extra years and whether you are likely to live long enough to make it worthwhile.

Buying a full extra year for £795 will boost your pension by £4.80 a week, equivalent to about £250 a year.

So if you buy one extra year you'll earn back what you paid in just over three years.

Retired pre-April 2016? Here's what you need to know

If you're a man born on or before 5 April 1951, or a woman born on or before 5 April 1953 and have 30 'qualifying years' on your national insurance record, then you'll be recieving the full £134.25 a week (2020/21) under the previous state pension.

More info on the previous state pension...

The previous state pension is made up of two parts
Instead of a flat-rate payout like the new £175.20 a week state pension, the previous state pension is made up of two parts.

The first element is the so-called 'basic' state pension.

This is simply worked out by totting up the number of eligible NI years you have.

These qualifying years are earned by working and paying NI contributions in a given year, if you're a carer, or if you're on certain benefits.

The most basic state pension you can currently earn is £134.25 a week, a maximum level which rises every April by the biggest of the following:

Inflation in the previous September (using the Consumer Prices Index)

The increase in average earnings

2.5%

This is known as the 'triple lock' – a device to ensure older generations get the best deal possible.

The second element is known as the additional state pension.

This extra payout is called SERPS (state earnings-related pension scheme), S2P or the state second pension.

Like the basic state pension element, it is based on your NI contributions.

How much you get largely depends on what your salary was throughout your career and, to a lesser extent, whether you've claimed certain benefits such as child benefit or carer's credit.

You get the additional state pension paid automatically with your basic state pension and it increases every year with inflation.
To get it you'll need 30 qualifying years on your national insurance record
To qualify for the previous state pension you need to have worked and paid NI contributions, or have been on qualifying benefits.

In other words, to get the full basic state pension you'll need to have worked for most of your adult life and paid NI contributions, or been on qualifying benefits.

The actual amount you're entitled to is calculated by the number of NI qualifying years you've accumulated. So if you've got 20 years' worth, you'll get roughly two thirds of the full amount.

What counts as an NI qualifying year?

To gain a qualifying year, you need to have earned a set minimum during a tax year (6 April to 5 April) and paid the required NI contributions. For 2020/21, the minimum is:

£6,240 for employees

£6,475 for the self-employed

In past years, the amount was of course lower, but it has always been in relation to average salaries. So only those on very low wages may have missed out.

If you were working full time, even on the minimum wage – or had a job for a few days each week throughout the year – it's likely you earned a qualifying year.

Full-time parents and those who can't work

If you looked after children, or were unable to work, this is taken into account. You may be eligible for NI credits, which count as a qualifying year.

These are normally automatically awarded for the weeks you were claiming and receiving any of the following benefits: carer's allowance, jobseeker's allowance, incapacity benefit, employment and support allowance.

You also get them if you are a full-time parent who claims child benefit for someone under 12, or a full-time carer who claims income support.

Credits for parents and carers replaced home responsibilities protection from 6 April 2010.

If you reached state pension age on or after 6 April 2010 and you had years of home responsibilities protection before 6 April 2010, these years have converted into credits, up to a maximum of 22 years. These will go towards your basic state pension.

What happens if you don't have enough qualifying years

You may still be entitled to a PARTIAL state pension, but it depends on when you hit retirement age and how many qualifying years you have.

Retirement age hit BEFORE 6 April 2010:

If you had fewer than 25% of the qualifying years (44 for a man, 39 for a woman), then you wouldn't be entitled to a basic state pension. If you have 25% or more, it's likely you're getting an approximate pro-rata weekly income. In other words, if you've half the qualifying years, you'd get roughly half the full state pension.

However, if you don't qualify for the basic state pension and have no other income, you're usually eligible for pension credit, which ensures you receive a guaranteed minimum income. For more information, see our guide on Pension Credit.

Retirement age hit on or AFTER 6 April 2010 (but before April 2016):

If you have at least one qualifying year, you'll get one 30th of the full amount for each qualifying year. Therefore, if you've 18 qualifying years, you'll get 18/30th (three fifths) of the FULL state pension.

Retirement age hit in April 2016 or AFTER:

You will need to have at least 10 qualifying years to get anything. If you have between 10 and 35 qualifying years, you'll get a pro-rata rate.

You can boost your pension by buying qualifying NI years – we detail how, when and whether you should do this below.

What happens to your pension if you retire abroad

Once you reach the official retirement age you can claim your state pension, no matter where you live. However, what happens then depends on where you retire to.

In some countries, your pension will be frozen at the amount you're able to claim in the year you leave the UK. This may be fine now, but future inflation's likely to mean that you get less and less in real terms with each passing year.

To continue to get pension rises as if you're in the UK, you'll need to retire to:

Any country in the European Union, Barbados, Bermuda, Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Channel Islands, Croatia, Isle of Man, Iceland, Israel, Jamaica, Liechtenstein, Mauritius, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, the Philippines, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey or the United States of America.

Retiring to popular destinations such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa means your pension won't be increased each year, as it would have done had you stayed in the UK.

Your state pension might be affected if you're transgender

Your state pension might be affected if you're transgender and you:

Were born between 24 December 1919 and 3 April 1945

Were claiming the state pension before 4 April 2005

Can provide evidence that your gender reassignment surgery took place before 4 April 2005

You don't need to do anything if you legally changed your gender and started claiming state pension on or after 4 April 2005 – you'll already be claiming based on your legally-recognised gender.
When you'll recieve the state pension

You qualify for the payout at the Government's official retirement age – but this isn't set in stone. For decades after 1940, men received it at 65, women at 60.

But in 1995, the Government decided to equalise the ages, starting in 2010 and rising in staggered dates – often rising by months at a time. By April 2016, it had risen for women from 60 to 63 while staying at 65 for men. It is now in the process of going up to 66 for men and women by April 2020 and then is expected to rise further later.

The increases have triggered confusion for millions of women who've struggled to work out when they're due their pension.

To find your exact retirement age, see the Government's State Pension Age Calculator.
How much you'll get
There's a complicated maze surrounding the amount you get, but here's a brief summary:

A single person in 2020/21 will get £134.25 a week of basic state pension, that's £6,981 a year.

If you're married, and you and your partner have built up the full number of state pension qualifying years, you'll get double that amount, so £268.50 a week.

If you're on a low income, you can boost your state pension by claiming pension credit. For more info, see the full Pension Credit guide.

But there's another crucial fact to remember...

The basic state pension is taxable, but if you don't have any other income, you won't be taxed. You only start to pay tax if you earn more than £12,500 (in the 2020/21 tax year).

That said, if you defer your pension any lump sum income you take is taxed differently.

The figures above are only rough guides, as many other variables affect the amount you will get. You can try Gov.uk's calculator for an indication. The best way to find out is to ring 0800 731 7898 (option 1).

Pension income will affect your benefit entitlement

A pension counts as if it were any other income, so will affect your entitlement to pension credit, housing benefit or council tax support. See the Benefits Check guide.

Your pension payment increases annually in April

There's a system called the 'triple lock' in place, which means every April the basic state pension amount increases by the highest of the previous September's inflation rate (based on the Consumer Prices Index), the increase in average earnings, or 2.5%. The triple lock is expensive and its future is under review.

However, your pension may not increase every year if you retire to certain countries outside the UK.
Ways to boost your state pension
There are ways you can boost the amount of state pension you'll receive, but all need to be considered carefully before deciding what to do.

1. Defer taking the state pension

You can put off claiming your basic state pension. This can be especially useful if you're still working, as it means you'll get larger state pension payments later. You can also defer receiving payments once you've already started claiming, though be careful as you can only do this once.

If you choose not to take your pension straightaway when you reach state pension age, there are two different ways you can take the benefit:

Choose a bigger weekly pension...

For those who qualified for the state pension before 6 April 2016 and opted to delay, a year's wait was worth the full value of that year's state pension plus 10.4% extra.

It worked out that for every five weeks you delayed claiming, your future weekly allowance was increased by 1%. So delay for a year and you'd have got the full pension plus 10.4% extra.

However, those who reach state pension age on or after 6 April 2016 have not been given such a generous deal.

Now the 1% rate of increase for deferring your state pension only applies for every nine weeks you delay – not five. This works at an annual boost of 5.8% – a vastly lower benefit.

Or as a one-off lump sum later...

If you reached state pension age before April 2016, you have had the option to be able to defer and then be paid the extra as a one-off lump sum.

This is made up of the deferred payment plus interest at 2% above the Bank of England base rate. After collecting the lump sum, you then get the standard pension.

So someone who'd built up an annual state pension of, say, £6,000 would get £6,150 in 12 months' time – and then be paid their weekly payout as normal.

However, this lump sum option has been abandoned for those who become eligible for state pension after April 2016.

Is deferring actually worth it?

The answer to this lies in your longevity – and there's no crystal ball that can tell you how long you'll live. The Office for National Statistics produce a 'How Long Will My Pension Need to Last' calculator, which shows that on average a man aged 65 has 21 years to live and a woman aged 65 has 24 years.

So the odds suggest that if you can afford to defer, you're probably better off doing so because the extra cash will be paid for long enough to make it worth it.

There are risks of course: put off claiming for five years and you'll have forgone £30,000 in income. Although you'll then get a higher state pension payout, if you were to die suddenly you'd have lost out on a huge sum.

But if you're generally fit and healthy, this can be a canny way to boost your income in old age.

2. Buy more 'pension years' if you've already hit state pension age

It's possible to pay to replace some missing NI qualifying years, or part years, which could mean a massive increase in your basic state pension payout.

How many NI years you have is the key to whether it's worth bothering. HMRC should send out notices to people with NI gaps.

If you haven't received one or can't find it, don't worry. You can check whether you have any gaps online by getting a state pension forecast or calling the Future Pension Centre on 0845 3000 168 and it'll send you a statement.

The NI years needed for a full basic state pension are:

Reached state pension age pre-6 April 2010: Men - 44 Women - 38

Reached state pension age on or after 6 April 2010: Men & Women - 30

Reached state pension age on or after 6 April 2016: Men & Women - 35

Just retired or close to retirement? Some people could buy an additional six years from between 1975/76 and 2003/04, on top of the previous six years. This only applies to those who reached state pension age between 6 April 2008 and 5 April 2015.

3. Do you qualify for pension credit?

If you don't have enough money to buy additional NI years and get the full state pension, your pension may be boosted when you apply for pension credit. All your money, including savings, will be assessed and if you don't have enough to buy extra NI years, you'll be topped up to the full basic state pension and then get pension credit on top of that if you're eligible. For full information on pension credit, see our Pension Credit guide.

If you are eligible, pension credit will usually top you up beyond the full basic state pension, so you don't have to buy extra NI years. Call 0800 99 1234 to find out.
What happens to your spouse's pension when they die

If your spouse or civil partner passes away, then just as in life, the pension you receive can be based on their national insurance contributions if their record is better than yours. For example, if you took a career break, you could use their years of NI contributions to plug that gap.

In addition to their state pension, if your spouse or civil partner reached state pension age before 6 April 2016, you may inherit some of their state pension top-up and half their 'graduated retirement benefit' (the earnings-related state pension that people could build up between 1961 and 1975) if applicable. You may also inherit some of your spouse or civil partner's deferral payment if they put off claiming their state pension.

How to work out what you'd get

The Department for Work and Pensions provides an online tool which allows you to see what you may get if your spouse or civil partner dies.

However, be aware that you will not get anything if you remarry or form a new civil partnership before you reach state pension age. There are more details on how this works on Gov.uk.

State pension Q&A

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State Pension

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